by Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam (ابن عبد الحكم)
Futūh Misr wa'l-Maghrib wa'l-Andalus is a historical chronicle composed by Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam in Egypt during the 9th century AH (9th century CE). Although written about 150 years after Tariq ibn Ziyad’s famous conquest of Spain, the work preserves one of the earliest substantial accounts of the Islamic conquests of Egypt, North Africa, and Spain. It details Tariq ibn Ziyad's crossing of the strait (which later came to be known as Gibraltar, or Jabal Tariq) and his subsequent campaigns in the Iberian Peninsula. The chronicle emphasizes the religious motivation behind the conquests and, while incorporating legendary embellishments, remains a crucial primary source that draws on earlier oral and written traditions.
